External attack surface management (EASM) gained popularity and emerged as a distinct cybersecurity discipline in the early 2020s. Growth in cloud, SaaS adoption, and remote and hybrid work models caused a rapid expansion of internet facing assets. At the same time, it exposed the limits of traditional perimeter focused security, which assumed a well defined internal network that could be defended at the edge. As more assets moved outside that boundary, organizations saw that they needed to understand and manage exposure beyond the traditional network perimeter.

EASM focuses on a company’s external attack surface. It gives security teams visibility into public-facing assets and highlights which ones are exposed or misconfigured. Modern EASM platforms take a proactive approach, continuously discovering new assets, flagging issues on them, prioritizing fixes, and helping teams track remediation to improve overall security posture.

In this blog, we cover what EASM is, why it matters, how it works, and what to consider when choosing the right solution for your organization. We will compare EASM with traditional vulnerability management, explore common challenges, and show how tools like PuppyGraph uses graph analytics to bring context to fixes, helping security teams focus on the issues that really matter.

What Is External Attack Surface Management?

External attack surface management (EASM) takes the security practices teams already know and applies them to everything the organization exposes to the internet. As external infrastructure grows, security teams are increasingly worried about web applications, subdomain takeover risk, and the broader digital footprint that attackers can see.

Instead of focusing only on internal networks and managed hosts, EASM maps domains, subdomains, web apps, APIs, cloud endpoints, and SaaS instances that are reachable from the public internet. It combines continuous asset discovery, vulnerability assessment, configuration and hardening checks, and monitoring of information disclosure sources to build a live picture of what an attacker can see and interact with.

You can think of it as classic asset inventory, vulnerability management, and hardening, but turned outward so the internet facing perimeter is managed with the same discipline as the internal environment.

Modern EASM programs usually include:

• Discovery: Continuously find new or previously unknown external assets and keep the inventory current.
  
  
• Classification: Label assets by type, environment, owner, and data sensitivity so you know what matters and who is responsible.
  
  
• Prioritization: Rank findings using estimates of exploitability, reachability, business criticality, and exposure age.
  
  
• Remediation: Route fixes to owners with SLAs, automate safe changes where possible, and verify results before closing issues.
  
  
• Monitoring: Watch for drift, new assets, expired certificates, and regressions. Re-scan to confirm fixes and keep exposures short lived.

How EASM Works

EASM consists of five stages: Discovery, Classification, Prioritization, Remediation and Monitoring. Let’s dive deeper into how they work to provide a live view of your asset inventory.

Discovery

Discovery is the starting point for any EASM program. An EASM platform starts with what you already know, then works outward across your real footprint. It takes your official domains, IP ranges, and key web applications as seeds, then uses DNS lookups, Certificate Transparency logs, IP intelligence, and scanning to uncover everything on the internet that appears to belong to you, from mail servers and exposed RDP to forgotten microsites, test environments, and misconfigured cloud services. It is also at this stage that normalization occurs, so the same system is not counted three different ways.

The result is an outside in view of your organization, the same view an attacker would have when they start recon. By turning more of the external footprint into known and observable assets, security teams can decide what they can fix directly, what needs to be addressed through partners or vendors, and where new risk is quietly accumulating over time.

Classification

Classification adds the context that tells you what each asset is and who should care. An EASM platform enriches discovered hosts, domains, and endpoints with technical details like asset type, network information, and registration details. It also captures traits like whether the asset requires authentication, what tech stack it runs on, and whether it is meant to be user facing or was an internal tool that ended up on the public internet.

With this structured context, security teams can build an asset graph that connects domains, IPs, certificates, services, cloud accounts, and owners into a single, queryable view.

Prioritization

In an EASM program, prioritization ranks findings so teams know where to focus. Platforms use fast signals to assign an initial severity, drawing on exploitability, reachability from the internet, business context, data sensitivity, and signs of active abuse.

Many cybersecurity platforms have started introducing a graph layer to enable context-enriched ranking, where assets are nodes and relationships include things like domain to subdomain links, shared IPs or certificates, and paths from internet facing entry points to backend services or admin portals. This ties findings to real attack paths, so the issues at the top of the list are the ones that threaten business critical systems and data.

Remediation

Remediation is where EASM turns a ranked list of issues into concrete changes. When integrated into your workflows, EASM tools route each problem to the right owner, provide the context needed to fix it quickly, and then rescan from the outside to confirm the issue is no longer exposed. 

Monitoring

Monitoring is what keeps EASM from turning into a one time cleanup. Once fixes land, the same external view is used to watch for new assets, configuration drift, and regressions. Over time, this gives security teams a feedback loop: they can see whether controls are holding, which teams or environments keep reintroducing the same issues, and whether the attack surface is growing faster than they are closing gaps.

Key Capabilities of EASM Solutions

Modern EASM platforms do more than crawl the internet for stray subdomains. They combine a few core capabilities that turn external visibility into something security teams can act on.

Unified External Asset Inventory

Modern EASM tools maintain a consolidated view of public facing assets: domains, subdomains, IPs, web apps, APIs, cloud endpoints, and SaaS entry points. Instead of scattered scans, they present a single inventory that shows what is exposed and how it fits into the rest of the environment.

Continuous Monitoring

The external attack surface is always changing, so current tools focus on continuous monitoring rather than one off projects. They watch DNS, certificates, exposed services, and cloud resources for changes, updating the inventory as new assets appear or old ones are reconfigured.

Faster, Context-Aware Prioritization

EASM platforms help teams decide what to fix first. They order findings using signals like exploitability, reachability from the internet, business context, data sensitivity, and signs of active abuse. Increasingly, they add simple attack path context so exposures that sit in the path of critical systems rise to the top.

Workflow-friendly Integrations

Modern EASM does not live in isolation. It integrates with data sources such as SIEM and EDR for richer context and connects to ticketing systems like Jira or ServiceNow so findings turn into trackable work items. APIs and webhooks allow teams to plug EASM data into their existing automation and reporting, making external visibility part of the broader security workflow.

EASM vs Traditional Vulnerability Management

EASM and traditional vulnerability management (VM) solve related but different problems. VM grew up around known, managed assets: servers, workstations, and applications that already live in an inventory. You install agents or run authenticated scans, then look for missing patches and misconfigurations. EASM starts one step earlier. It asks what is exposed to the public internet in the first place, including assets that never made it into a CMDB or scan target list.

In practice, many vendors now bundle EASM and vulnerability management into a single platform.This reflects a broader shift toward unifying separate security tools into a single platform, so organizations can see their security posture in one place.

Challenges and Limitations

EASM is powerful, but it can still suffer from coverage gaps, noisy findings and operational constraints that teams need to plan for.

Incomplete Coverage and Blind Spots

EASM relies on what is visible from the public internet. Assets behind strict IP allowlists, VPN only portals, or private front doors may not appear in its results. Some providers also expose very little metadata, which makes certain cloud and SaaS surfaces hard to map. This means attackers can sometimes see paths or combinations of assets that the EASM platform misses, especially in very large or fragmented environments.

Attribution and Ownership Mapping

Finding an exposed asset is only half the problem. Figuring out who owns it is another. Legacy domains, orphaned subdomains, old IP ranges, and assets inherited through mergers or reorganizations often have no clear team attached. Without reliable ownership mapping, issues bounce between teams, stall in triage, or never reach the people who can actually fix them, even when the exposure is obvious.

Noise and Shallow Findings

Because EASM usually works without credentials, it is limited to what it can see from the outside. Unauthenticated checks can misjudge risk if they cannot see internal controls or compensating defenses. Some findings are low confidence or noisy, which can reduce trust if they are not clearly labeled. EASM is good at flagging obvious exposure on internet facing assets, but might require more context for patch-level detail.

Limited Control over Third Party and Shared Assets

EASM often surfaces risks on infrastructure that you do not fully control. Vendor portals, white label apps, and shared SaaS environments may look like your organization to users and attackers, but sit on someone else’s stack. Fixing those issues can require vendor support tickets or contract changes. In many cases, the only levers you have are how you point to the service, how you authenticate to it, and whether you continue to use it at all.

Best Practices for Implementing EASM

To fully leverage the potential of your EASM tools, security teams need a plan that starts small, builds ownership, and turns findings into fixes.

Start with a Clear Scope and Goal

EASM works best when it targets a specific problem instead of trying to cover everything at once. Pick a focused starting point such as core domains, a single business unit, or a few cloud accounts. Run EASM there, show that it can reliably discover assets, assign ownership, and close issues, then expand. A smaller, well scoped rollout builds trust and avoids overwhelming teams with more findings than they can handle.

Fix Ownership and Tagging Early

Unknown owners are where exposures linger. EASM tools can automate a lot of the heavy lifting, but human input is still crucial to confirm these assignments and add real context. Even a rough owner is better than none, and this mix of automated suggestions and human review turns findings into actionable work instead of tickets that bounce between teams with no clear responsibility.

Tune Noise and Validate Findings

External only checks are never perfect, so expect some noise. Graph analytics can help here by grounding findings in real context, highlighting exposures that sit on actual paths to sensitive systems and pushing down vulnerabilities that are purely theoretical. Mark low confidence or low impact findings so they do not drown out real issues, and suppress patterns you agree are acceptable risks. The goal is a queue that engineers trust, backed by clear evidence from the external view instead of a maximum volume of alerts.

Choosing the Right EASM Platform

Here’s a quick checklist to consider the best ASM tools for your needs:

• Discovery depth and frequency: Continuous discovery with near real-time updates is preferred. Mix passive recon, active scans, cert and DNS monitoring to build a complete and accurate  inventory.
  
  
• Asset coverage: Handles the assets you care about across hybrid and multicloud. Domains, subdomains, IPs, cloud services, APIs, certs, SaaS, and external services.
  
  
• Risk context and scoring: Scoring that blends exploitability, reachability, threat intel, and business importance. They should be tunable to your risk tolerance.
  
  
• Integrations and workflow: Make sure it plugs into where you scan and where you work. For scanning, this includes APIs for cloud, SaaS and WAFs. For workflow, SIEM, SOAR, VM, CSPM, and ticketing.
  
  
• Change detection and history: Near real-time alerts on high-risk changes with a timeline of what changed and when.
  
  
• Deployment: Fast onboarding, sane authentication and network requirements, with cloud or on-prem options.

How PuppyGraph Helps

EASM gives you a live map of what is exposed, but most tools still score issues in isolation, with every high priority alert looking the same. An attack graph adds the missing context by showing which exposed assets actually sit on paths to critical systems and identities, so you can rank risk by how attackers would really move. But building one usually means ETL into a separate graph database, a second data copy, and delay. For teams that need real-time answers, this can be a deal-breaker. That’s where PuppyGraph comes in.

PuppyGraph is the first and only real time, zero-ETL graph query engine in the market, empowering data teams to query existing relational data stores as a unified graph model that can be deployed in under 10 minutes, bypassing traditional graph databases' cost, latency, and maintenance hurdles.

It seamlessly integrates with data lakes like Apache Iceberg, Apache Hudi, and Delta Lake, as well as databases including MySQL, PostgreSQL, and DuckDB, so you can query across multiple sources simultaneously.

Key PuppyGraph capabilities include:

• Zero ETL: PuppyGraph runs as a query engine on your existing relational databases and lakes. Skip pipeline builds, reduce fragility, and start querying as a graph in minutes.

• No Data Duplication: Query your data in place, eliminating the need to copy large datasets into a separate graph database. This ensures data consistency and leverages existing data access controls.

• Real Time Analysis: By querying live source data, analyses reflect the current state of the environment, mitigating the problem of relying on static, potentially outdated graph snapshots. PuppyGraph users report 6-hop queries across billions of edges in less than 3 seconds.

• Scalable Performance: PuppyGraph’s distributed compute engine scales with your cluster size. Run petabyte-scale workloads and deep traversals like 10-hop neighbors, and get answers back in seconds. This exceptional query performance is achieved through the use of parallel processing and vectorized evaluation technology. 

• Best of SQL and Graph: Because PuppyGraph queries your data in place, teams can use their existing SQL engines for tabular workloads and PuppyGraph for relationship-heavy analysis, all on the same source tables. No need to force every use case through a graph database or retrain teams on a new query language.

• Lower Total Cost of Ownership: Graph databases make you pay twice — once for pipelines, duplicated storage, and parallel governance, and again for the high-memory hardware needed to make them fast. PuppyGraph removes both costs by querying your lake directly with zero ETL and no second system to maintain. No massive RAM bills, no duplicated ACLs, and no extra infrastructure to secure.

• Flexible and Iterative Modeling: Using metadata driven schemas allows creating multiple graph views from the same underlying data. Models can be iterated upon quickly without rebuilding data pipelines, supporting agile analysis workflows.

• Standard Querying and Visualization: Support for standard graph query languages (openCypher, Gremlin) and integrated visualization tools helps analysts explore relationships intuitively and effectively.

• Proven at Enterprise Scale: PuppyGraph is already used by half of the top 20 cybersecurity companies, as well as engineering-driven enterprises like AMD and Coinbase. Whether it’s multi-hop security reasoning, asset intelligence, or deep relationship queries across massive datasets, these teams trust PuppyGraph to replace slow ETL pipelines and complex graph stacks with a simpler, faster architecture.

Deployment is simple: download the free Docker image, connect PuppyGraph to your existing data stores, define graph schemas, and start querying. PuppyGraph can be deployed via Docker, AWS AMI, GCP Marketplace, or within a VPC or data center for full data control.

Conclusion

External attack surface management gives security teams an attacker’s eye view of their organization. It discovers what is actually exposed on the internet, adds enough context to understand what each asset is and who owns it, then helps teams prioritize and fix the issues that matter most.

At the same time, EASM struggles with context. This is where PuppyGraph fits. It lets you build and query an attack graph directly on top of your existing security and infrastructure data, without standing up a separate graph database or building fragile ETL pipelines. You get real time, multi hop analysis across SIEM, cloud, identity, and asset data, so EASM findings are ranked and investigated in the context of how an attacker would actually move through your environment.

When you layer in relationships between assets, data, and identities, you can trace real attack paths and focus on exposures that truly put critical systems and data at risk instead of chasing every theoretical vulnerability.

If you want to see this in your own data, you can try PuppyGraph’s forever-free Developer Edition or book a demo with the team to walk through your use cases live.